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Ending (linguistics) : ウィキペディア英語版
Suffix

In linguistics, a suffix (also sometimes termed postfix or ending or, in older literature, affix) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Particularly in the study of Semitic languages, a suffix is called an afformative, as they can alter the form of the words. In Indo-European studies, a distinction is made between suffixes and endings (see Proto-Indo-European root). A word-final segment that is somewhere between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is known as a suffixoid〔Kremer, Marion. 1997. ''Person reference and gender in translation: a contrastive investigation of English and German''. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 69, note 11.〕 or a semi-suffix〔Marchand, Hans. 1969. ''The categories and types of present-day English word-formation: A synchronic-diachronic approach''. Munich: Beck, pp. 356 ff.〕 (e.g., English ''-like'' or German ''-freundlich'' 'friendly').
Suffixes can carry grammatical information (inflectional suffixes) or lexical information (derivational suffixes). An inflectional suffix is sometimes called a desinence.〔(The Free Online Dictionary )〕
Some examples in European languages:
:''Girls'', where the suffix ''-s'' marks the plural.
:''He makes'', where suffix ''-s'' marks the third person singular present tense.
:''It closed'', where the suffix ''-ed'' marks the past tense.
:''De beaux jours'', where the suffix ''-x'' marks the plural.
:''Elle est passablement jolie'', where the suffix ''-e'' marks the feminine form of the adjective.
Many synthetic languages—Czech, German, Finnish, Latin, Hungarian, Russian, Turkish, etc.—use a large number of endings.
Suffixes used in English frequently have Greek, French, or Latin origins.
Inflection changes the grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category.
In the example:
:I was hoping the cloth wouldn't fade, but it has faded quite a bit.
the suffix ''-ed'' inflects the root-word ''fade'' to indicate past tense.
Inflectional suffixes do not change the word class of the word after inflection.〔Jackson and Amvela(2000): Word, Meaning and Vocabulary- An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. London, Athenaeum Press, p.83〕
Inflectional suffixes in modern English include:
* -s third person singular present
* -ed past tense
* -t past tense
* -ing progressive/continuous
* -en past participle
* -s plural
* -en plural (irregular)
* -er comparative
* -est superlative
* -n't negative
Derivational suffixes can be divided into two categories, namely class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation.〔Jackson and Amvela(2000): Word, Meaning and Vocabulary- An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. London, Athenaeum Press, p.88〕
Derivational suffixes in modern English include:
* -ise/-ize (usually changes nouns into verbs)
* -fy (usually changes nouns into verbs)
* -ly (usually changes adjectives into adverbs)
* -ful (usually changes nouns into adjectives)
* -able/-ible (usually changes verbs into adjectives)
* -hood (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)
* -ess (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)
* -ness (usually changes adjectives into nouns)
* -less (usually changes nouns into adjectives)
* -ism (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)
* -ment (usually changes verbs into nouns)
* -ist (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)
* -al (usually changes nouns into adjectives)
* -ish (usually changes nouns into adjectives/ class-maintaining, with the word class remaining an adjective)
* -tion (usually changes verbs into noun)
* -logy/-ology (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)
== References ==




抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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